pg134CHAPTER III.
SOLUTIONS.
§ 1.
Propositions of Relation reduced to normal form.
SL1Solutions for § 1.
1. The Univ. is “persons.” The Individual “I” may be regarded as a Class, of persons, whose peculiar Attribute is “represented by the Name ‘I’”, and may be called the Class of “I’s”. It is evident that this Class cannot possibly contain more than one Member: hence the Sign of Quantity is “all”. The verb “have been” may be replaced by the phrase “are persons who have been”. The Proposition may be written thus:—
| “All” | Sign of Quantity. | |
| “I’s” | Subject. | |
| “are” | Copula. | |
| “persons who have been out for a walk” | Predicate. |
or, more briefly,
“All | I’s | are | persons who have been out for a walk”.
2. The Univ. and the Subject are the same as in Ex. 1. The Proposition may be written
“All | I’s | are | persons who feel better”.
3. Univ. is “persons”. The Subject is evidently the Class of persons from which John is excluded; i.e. it is the Class containing all persons who are not “John”.
The Sign of Quantity is “no”.
The verb “has read” may be replaced by the phrase “are persons who have read”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | persons who are not ‘John’ | are | persons who have read the letter”.
4. Univ. is “persons”. The Subject is evidently the Class of persons whose only two Members are “you and I”.
Hence the Sign of Quantity is “no”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | Members of the Class ‘you and I’ | are | old persons”.
pg1355. Univ. is “creatures”. The verb “run well” may be replaced by the phrase “are creatures that run well”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | fat creatures | are | creatures that run well”.
6. Univ. is “persons”. The Subject is evidently the Class of persons who are not brave.
The verb “deserve” may be replaced by the phrase “are deserving of”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | not-brave persons | are | persons deserving of the fair”.
7. Univ. is “persons”. The phrase “looks poetical” evidently belongs to the Predicate; and the Subject is the Class, of persons, whose peculiar Attribute is “not-pale”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | not-pale persons | are | persons who look poetical”.
8. Univ. is “persons”.
The Proposition may be written
“Some | judges | are | persons who lose their tempers”.
9. Univ. is “persons”. The phrase “never neglect” is merely a stronger form of the phrase “am a person who does not neglect”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | ‘I’s’ | are | persons who do not neglect important business”.
10. Univ. is “things”. The phrase “what is difficult” (i.e. “that which is difficult”) is equivalent to the phrase “all difficult things”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | difficult things | are | things that need attention”.
11. Univ. is “things”. The phrase “what is unwholesome” may be interpreted as in Ex. 10.
The Proposition may be written
“All | unwholesome things | are | things that should be avoided”.
12. Univ. is “laws”. The Predicate is evidently a Class whose peculiar Attribute is “relating to excise”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | laws passed last week | are | laws relating to excise”.
13. Univ. is “things”. The Subject is evidently the Class, of studies, whose peculiar Attribute is “logical”; hence the Sign of Quantity is “all”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | logical studies | are | things that puzzle me”.
14. Univ. is “persons”. The Subject is evidently “persons in the house”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | persons in the house | are | Jews”.
15. Univ. is “dishes”. The phrase “if not well-cooked” is equivalent to the Attribute “not well-cooked”.
The Proposition may be written
“Some | not well-cooked dishes | are | unwholesome dishes”.
pg13616. Univ. is “books”. The phrase “make one drowsy” may be replaced by the phrase “are books that make one drowsy”.
The Sign of Quantity is evidently “all”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | unexciting books | are | books that make one drowsy”.
17. Univ. is “men”. The Subject is evidently “a man who knows what he’s about”; and the word “when” shows that the Proposition is asserted of every such man, i.e. of all such men. The verb “can” may be replaced by “are men who can”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | men who know what they’re about | are | men who can detect a sharper”.
18. The Univ. and the Subject are the same as in Ex. 4.
The Proposition may be written
“All | Members of the Class ‘you and I’ | are | persons who know what they’re about”.
19. Univ. is “persons”. The verb “wear” may be replaced by the phrase “are accustomed to wear”.
The Proposition may be written
“Some | bald persons | are | persons accustomed to wear wigs”.
20. Univ. is “persons”. The phrase “never talk” is merely a stronger form of “are persons who do not talk”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | fully occupied persons | are | persons who do not talk about their grievances”.
21. Univ. is “riddles”. The phrase “if they can be solved” is equivalent to the Attribute “that can be solved”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | riddles that can be solved | are | riddles that interest me”.
§ 2.
Method of Diagrams.
SL4-ASolutions for § 4, Nos. 1–12.
1. | No m are x′; All m′ are y. |  |  ∴ No x′ are y′. |
| pg137 2. | No m′ are x; Some m′ are y′. |  |  ∴ Some x are y′. |
3. | All m′ are x; All m′ are y′. |  |  ∴ Some x are y′. |
4. | No x′ are m′; All y′ are m. |  | There is no Conclusion. |
5. | Some m are x′; No y are m. |  |  ∴ Some x′ are y′. |
6. | No x′ are m; No m are y. |  | There is no Conclusion. |
7. | No m are x′; Some y′ are m. |  |  ∴ Some x are y′. |
8. | All m′ are x′; No m′ are y. |  |  ∴ Some x′ are y′. |
| pg138 9. | Some x′ are m′; No m are y′. |  | There is no Conclusion. |
10. | All x are m; All y′ are m′. |  |  ∴ All x are y; All y′ are x′. |
11. | No m are x; All y′ are m′. |  | There is no Conclusion. |
12. | No x are m; All y are m. |  |  ∴ All y are x′. |
SL5-ASolutions for § 5, Nos. 1–12.
1. I have been out for a walk;
I am feeling better.
Univ. is “persons”; m = the Class of I’s; x = persons who have been out for a walk; y = persons who are feeling better.
All m are x; All m are y. |  |  ∴ Some x are y. |
i.e. Somebody, who has been out for a walk, is feeling better.
pg139 2. No one has read the letter but John;
No one, who has not read it, knows what it is about.
Univ. is “persons”; m = persons who have read the letter; x = the Class of Johns; y = persons who know what the letter is about.
No x′ are m; No m′ are y. |  |  ∴ No x′ are y. |
i.e. No one, but John, knows what the letter is about.
3. Those who are not old like walking;
You and I are young.
Univ. is “persons”; m = old; x = persons who like walking; y = you and I.
All m′ are x; All y are m′. |  |  ∴ All y are x. |
i.e. You and I like walking.
4. Your course is always honest;
Your course is always the best policy.
Univ. is “courses”; m = your; x = honest; y = courses which are the best policy.
All m are x; All m are y. |  |  ∴ Some x are y. |
i.e. Honesty is sometimes the best policy.
5. No fat creatures run well;
Some greyhounds run well.
Univ. is “creatures”; m = creatures that run well; x = fat; y = greyhounds.
No x are m; Some y are m. |  |  ∴ Some y are x′. |
i.e. Some greyhounds are not fat.
pg140 6. Some, who deserve the fair, get their deserts;
None but the brave deserve the fair.
Univ. is “persons”; m = persons who deserve the fair; x = persons who get their deserts; y = brave.
Some m are x; No y′ are m. |  |  ∴ Some y are x. |
i.e. Some brave persons get their deserts.
7. Some Jews are rich;
All Esquimaux are Gentiles.
Univ. is “persons”; m = Jews; x = rich; y = Esquimaux.
Some m are x; All y are m′. |  |  ∴ Some x are y′. |
i.e. Some rich persons are not Esquimaux.
8. Sugar-plums are sweet;
Some sweet things are liked by children.
Univ. is “things”; m = sweet; x = sugar-plums; y = things that are liked by children.
All x are m; Some m are y. |  |
There is no Conclusion.
9. John is in the house;
Everybody in the house is ill.
Univ. is “persons”; m = persons in the house; x = the Class of Johns; y = ill.
All x are m; All m are y. |  |  ∴ All x are y. |
i.e. John is ill.
pg14110. Umbrellas are useful on a journey;
What is useless on a journey should be left behind.
Univ. is “things”; m = useful on a journey; x = umbrellas; y = things that should be left behind.
All x are m; All m′ are y. |  |  ∴ Some x′ are y. |
i.e. Some things, that are not umbrellas, should be left behind on a journey.
11. Audible music causes vibration in the air;
Inaudible music is not worth paying for.
Univ. is “music”; m = audible; x = music that causes vibration in the air; y = worth paying for.
All m are x; All m′ are y′. |  |  ∴ No x′ are y. |
i.e. No music is worth paying for, unless it causes vibration in the air.
12. Some holidays are rainy;
Rainy days are tiresome.
Univ. is “days”; m = rainy; x = holidays; y = tiresome.
Some x are m; All m are y. |  |  ∴ Some x are y. |
i.e. Some holidays are tiresome.
SL6-ASolutions for § 6, Nos. 1–10.
1.
Some x are m; No m are y′. Some x are y.
 |  Hence proposed Conclusion is right. |
pg142 2.
All x are m; No y are m′. No y are x′.
 | There is no Conclusion. |
3.
Some x are m′; All y′ are m. Some x are y.
 |  Hence proposed Conclusion is right. |
4.
All x are m; No y are m. All x are y′.
 |  Hence proposed Conclusion is right. |
5.
Some m′ are x′; No m′ are y. Some x′ are y′.
 |  Hence proposed Conclusion is right. |
6.
No x′ are m; All y are m′. All y are x.
 | There is no Conclusion. |
pg143 7.
Some m′ are x′; All y′ are m′. Some x′ are y′.
 | There is no Conclusion. |
8.
No m′ are x′; All y′ are m′. All y′ are x.
 |  Hence proposed Conclusion is right. |
9.
Some m are x′; No m are y. Some x′ are y′.
 |  Hence proposed Conclusion is right. |
10.
All m′ are x′; All m are y. Some y are x′.
 |  Hence proposed Conclusion is right. |
pg144
SL7-ASolutions for § 7, Nos. 1–6.
1.
No doctors are enthusiastic;
You are enthusiastic.
You are not a doctor.
Univ. “persons”; m = enthusiastic; x = doctors; y = you.
No x are m; All y are m. All y are x′. |  |  ∴ All y are x′. |
Hence proposed Conclusion is right.
2.
All dictionaries are useful;
Useful books are valuable.
Dictionaries are valuable.
Univ. “books”; m = useful; x = dictionaries; y = valuable.
All x are m; All m are y. All x are y. |  |  ∴ All x are y. |
Hence proposed Conclusion is right.
3.
No misers are unselfish;
None but misers save egg-shells.
No unselfish people save egg-shells.
Univ. “people”; m = misers; x = selfish; y = people who save egg-shells.
No m are x′; No m′ are y. No x′ are y. |  |  ∴ No x′ are y. |
Hence proposed Conclusion is right.
pg1454.
Some epicures are ungenerous;
All my uncles are generous.
My uncles are not epicures.
Univ. “persons”; m = generous; x = epicures; y = my uncles.
Some x are m′. All y are m. All y are x′. |  |  ∴ Some x are y′. |
Hence proposed Conclusion is wrong, the right one being “Some epicures are not uncles of mine.”
5.
Gold is heavy;
Nothing but gold will silence him.
Nothing light will silence him.
Univ. “things”; m = gold; x = heavy; y = able to silence him.
All m are x; No m′ are y. No x′ are y. |  |  ∴ No x′ are y. |
Hence proposed Conclusion is right.
6.
Some healthy people are fat;
No unhealthy people are strong.
Some fat people are not strong.
Univ. “persons”; m = healthy; x = fat; y = strong.
Some m are x; No m′ are y. Some x are y′. |  | There is no Conclusion. |
pg146§ 3.
Method of Subscripts.
SL4-BSolutions for § 4.
1. mx′0 † m′1y′0 ¶ x′y′0 [Fig. I.
i.e. “No x′ are y′.”
2. m′x0 † m′y′1 ¶ x′y′1 [Fig. II.
i.e. “Some x′ are y′.”
3. m′1x′0 † m′1y0 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. III.
i.e. “Some x are y′.”
4. x′m′0 † y′1m′0 ¶ nothing.
[Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
5. mx′1 † ym0 ¶ x′y′1 [Fig. II.
i.e. “Some x′ are y′.”
6. x′m0 † my0 ¶ nothing.
[Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
7. mx′0 † y′m1 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. II.
i.e. “Some x are y′.”
8. m′1x0 † m′y0 ¶ x′y′1 [Fig. III.
i.e. “Some x′ are y′.”
9. x′m′1 † my0 ¶ nothing.
[Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
10. x1m′0 † y′1m0 ¶ x1y′0 † y′1x0 [Fig. I (β).
i.e. “All x are y, and all y′ are x′.”
11. mx0 † y′1m0 ¶ nothing.
[Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
12. xm0 † y1m′0 ¶ y1x0 [Fig. I (α).
i.e. “All y are x′.”
13. m′1x′0 † ym0 ¶ x′y0 [Fig. I.
i.e. “No x′ are y.”
14. m1x′0 † m′1y′0 ¶ x′y′0 [Fig. I.
i.e. “No x′ are y′.”
15. xm0 † m′y0 ¶ xy0 [Fig. I.
i.e. “No x are y.”
16. x1m0 † y1m′0 ¶ (x1y0 † y1x0) [Fig. I (β).
i.e. “All x are y′ and all y are x′.”
17. xm0 † m′1y′0 ¶ xy′0 [Fig. I.
i.e. “No x are y′.”
18. xm′0 † my0 ¶ xy0 [Fig. I.
i.e. “No x are y.”
19. m1x′0 † m1y0 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. III.
i.e. “Some x are y′.”
20. mx0 † m′1y′0 ¶ xy′0 [Fig. I.
i.e. “No x are y′.”
21. x1m′0 † m′y1 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. II.
i.e. “Some x′ are y.”
22. xm1 † y1m′0 ¶ nothing.
[Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
23. m1x′0 † ym1 ¶ xy1 [Fig. II.
i.e. “Some x are y.”
24. xm0 † y1m′0 ¶ y1x0 [Fig. I (α).
i.e. “All y are x′.”
25. mx′1 † my′0 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. II.
i.e. “Some x′ are y.”
26. mx′0 † y1m′0 ¶ y1x′0 [Fig. I (α).
i.e. “All y are x.”
27. x1m0 † y′1m′0 ¶ (x1y′0 † y′1x0) [Fig. I (β).
i.e. “All x are y, and all y′ are x′.”
28. m1x0 † my1 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. II.
i.e. “Some x′ are y.”
29. mx0 † y1m0 ¶ nothing.
[Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
30. x1m0 † ym1 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. II.
i.e. “Some y are x′.”
31. x1m′0 † y1m′0 ¶ nothing.
[Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
pg14732. xm′0 † m1y′0 ¶ xy′0 [Fig. I.
i.e. “No x are y′.”
33. mx0 † my0 ¶ nothing.
[Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
34. mx′0 † ym1 ¶ xy1 [Fig. II.
i.e. “Some x are y.”
35. mx0 † y1m′0 ¶ y1x0 [Fig. I (α).
i.e. “All y are x′.”
36. m1x0 † ym1 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. II.
i.e. “Some x′ are y.”
37. m1x′0 † ym0 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. III.
i.e. “Some x are y′.”
38. mx0 † m′y0 ¶ xy0 [Fig. I.
i.e. “No x are y.”
39. mx′1 † my0 ¶ x′y′1 [Fig. II.
i.e. “Some x′ are y′.”
40. x′m0 † y′1m′0 ¶ y′1x′0 [Fig. I (α).
i.e. “All y′ are x.”
41. x1m0 † ym′0 ¶ x1y0 [Fig. I (α).
i.e. “All x are y′.”
42. m′x0 † ym0 ¶ xy0 [Fig. I.
i.e. “No x are y.”
SL5-BSolutions for § 5, Nos. 13–24.
13. No Frenchmen like plumpudding;
All Englishmen like plumpudding.
Univ. “men”; m = liking plumpudding; x = French; y = English.
xm0 † y1m′0 ¶ y1x0 [Fig. I (α).
i.e. Englishmen are not Frenchmen.
14. No portrait of a lady, that makes her simper or scowl, is satisfactory;
No photograph of a lady ever fails to make her simper or scowl.
Univ. “portraits of ladies”; m = making the subject simper or scowl; x = satisfactory; y = photographic.
mx0 † ym′0 ¶ xy0 [Fig. I.
i.e. No photograph of a lady is satisfactory.
15. All pale people are phlegmatic;
No one looks poetical unless he is pale.
Univ. “people”; m = pale; x = phlegmatic; y = looking poetical.
m1x′0 † m′y0 ¶ x′y0 [Fig. I.
i.e. No one looks poetical unless he is phlegmatic.
16. No old misers are cheerful;
Some old misers are thin.
Univ. “persons”; m = old misers; x = cheerful; y = thin.
mx0 † my1 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. II.
i.e. Some thin persons are not cheerful.
17. No one, who exercises self-control, fails to keep his temper;
Some judges lose their tempers.
Univ. “persons”; m = keeping their tempers; x = exercising self-control; y = judges.
xm′0 † ym′1 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. II.
i.e. Some judges do not exercise self-control.
pg14818. All pigs are fat;
Nothing that is fed on barley-water is fat.
Univ. is “things”; m = fat; x = pigs; y = fed on barley-water.
x1m′0 † ym0 ¶ x1y0 [Fig. I (α).
i.e. Pigs are not fed on barley-water.
19. All rabbits, that are not greedy, are black;
No old rabbits are free from greediness.
Univ. is “rabbits”; m = greedy; x = black; y = old.
m′1x′0 † ym′0 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. III.
i.e. Some black rabbits are not old.
20. Some pictures are not first attempts;
No first attempts are really good.
Univ. is “things”; m = first attempts; x = pictures; y = really good.
xm′1 † my0 ¶ nothing.
[Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
21. I never neglect important business;
Your business is unimportant.
Univ. is “business”; m = important; x = neglected by me; y = your.
mx0 † y1m0 ¶ nothing.
[Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
22. Some lessons are difficult;
What is difficult needs attention.
Univ. is “things”; m = difficult; x = lessons; y = needing attention.
xm1 † m1y′0 ¶ xy1 [Fig. II.
i.e. Some lessons need attention.
23. All clever people are popular;
All obliging people are popular.
Univ. is “people”; m = popular; x = clever; y = obliging.
x1m′0 † y1m′0 ¶ nothing.
[Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
24. Thoughtless people do mischief;
No thoughtful person forgets a promise.
Univ. is “persons”; m = thoughtful; x = mischievous; y = forgetful of promises.
m′1x′0 † my0 ¶ x′y0
i.e. No one, who forgets a promise, fails to do mischief.
SL6-BSolutions for § 6.
1. xm1 † my′0 ¶ xy1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
2. x1m′0 † ym′0 Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
3. xm′1 † y′1m′0 ¶ xy1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
pg149 4. x1m′0 † ym0 ¶ x1y0 [Fig. I (α).] Concl. right.
5. m′x′1 † m′y0 ¶ x′y′1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
6. x′m0 † y1m0 Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
7. m′x′1 † y′1m0 Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
8. m′x′0 † y′1m0 ¶ y′1x′0 [Fig. I (α).] Concl. right.
9. mx′1 † my0 ¶ x′y′1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
10. m′1x0 † m′1y′0 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. III.] Concl. right.
11. x1m0 † ym1 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
12. xm0 † m′y′0 ¶ xy′0 [Fig. I.] Concl. right.
13. xm0 † y′1m′0 ¶ y′1x0 [Fig. I (α).] Concl. right.
14. m′1x0 † m′1y′0 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. III.] Concl. right.
15. mx′1 † y1m0 ¶ x′y′1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
16. x′m0 † y′1m0 Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
17. m′x0 † m′1y0 ¶ x′y′1 [Fig. III.] Concl. right.
18. x′m0 † my1 ¶ xy1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
19. mx′1 † m1y′0 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
20. x′m′0 † m′y′1 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
21. mx0 † m1y0 ¶ x′y′1 [Fig. III.] Concl. right.
22. x′1m′0 † ym′1 ¶ xy1 [Fig. II.] Concl. wrong: the right one is “Some x are y.”
23. m1x′0 † m′y′0 ¶ x′y′0 [Fig. I.] Concl. right.
24. x1m0 † m′1y′0 ¶ x1y′0 [Fig. I (α).] Concl. right.
25. xm′0 † m1y′0 ¶ xy′0 [Fig. I.] Concl. right.
26. m1x0 † y1m′0 ¶ y1x0 [Fig. I (α).] Concl. right.
27. x1m′0 † my′0 ¶ x1y′0 [Fig. I (α).] Concl. right.
28. x1m′0 † y′m′0 Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
29. x′m0 † m′y′0 ¶ x′y′0 [Fig. I.] Concl. right.
30. x1m′0 † m1y0 ¶ x1y0 [Fig. I (α).] Concl. right.
31. x′1m0 † y′m′0 ¶ x′1y′0 [Fig. I (α).] Concl. right.
32. xm0 † y′m′0 ¶ xy′0 [Fig. I.] Concl. right.
33. m1x0 † y′1m′0 ¶ y′1x0 [Fig. I (α).] Concl. right.
34. x1m0 † ym′1 Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
35. xm1 † m1y′0 ¶ xy1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
36. m1x0 † y1m′0 ¶ y1x0 [Fig. I (α).] Concl. right.
37. mx′0 † m1y0 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. III.] Concl. right.
38. xm0 † my′0 Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
39. mx0 † my′1 ¶ x′y′1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
40. mx′0 † ym1 ¶ xy1 [Fig. II.] Concl. right.
pg150
SL7-BSolutions for § 7.
1. No doctors are enthusiastic;
You are enthusiastic.
You are not a doctor.
Univ. “persons”; m = enthusiastic; x = doctors; y = you.
xm0 † y1m′0 ¶ y1x0 [Fig. I (α).
Conclusion right.
2. Dictionaries are useful;
Useful books are valuable.
Dictionaries are valuable.
Univ. “books”; m = useful; x = dictionaries; y = valuable.
x1m′0 † m1y′0 ¶ x1y′0 [Fig. I (α).
Conclusion right.
3. No misers are unselfish;
None but misers save egg-shells.
No unselfish people save egg-shells.
Univ. “people”; m = misers; x = selfish; y = people who save egg-shells.
mx′0 † m′y0 ¶ x′y0 [Fig. I.
Conclusion right.
4. Some epicures are ungenerous;
All my uncles are generous.
My uncles are not epicures.
Univ. “persons”; m = generous; x = epicures; y = my uncles.
xm′1 † y1m′0 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. II.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “Some epicures are not uncles of mine.”
5. Gold is heavy;
Nothing but gold will silence him.
Nothing light will silence him.
Univ. “things”; m = gold; x = heavy; y = able to silence him.
m1x′0 † m′y0 ¶ x′y0 [Fig. I.
Conclusion right.
6. Some healthy people are fat;
No unhealthy people are strong.
Some fat people are not strong.
Univ. “people”; m = healthy; x = fat; y = strong.
mx1 † m′y0
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
7. I saw it in a newspaper;
All newspapers tell lies.
It was a lie.
Univ. “publications”; m = newspapers; x = publications in which I saw it; y = telling lies.
x1m′0 † m1y′0 ¶ x1y′0 [Fig. I (α).
Conclusion wrong: right one is “The publication, in which I saw it, tells lies.”
pg151 8. Some cravats are not artistic;
I admire anything artistic.
There are some cravats that I do not admire.
Univ. “things”; m = artistic; x = cravats; y = things that I admire.
xm1 † m1y0
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
9. His songs never last an hour.
A song, that lasts an hour, is tedious.
His songs are never tedious.
Univ. “songs”; m = lasting an hour; x = his; y = tedious.
x1m0 † m1y′0 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. III.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “Some tedious songs are not his.”
10. Some candles give very little light;
Candles are meant to give light.
Some things, that are meant to give light, give very little.
Univ. “things”; m = candles; x = giving &c.; y = meant &c.
mx1 † m1y′0 ¶ xy1 [Fig. II.
Conclusion right.
11. All, who are anxious to learn, work hard.
Some of these boys work hard.
Some of these boys are anxious to learn.
Univ. “persons”; m = hard-working; x = anxious to learn; y = these boys.
x1m′0 † ym1
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
12. All lions are fierce;
Some lions do not drink coffee.
Some creatures that drink coffee are not fierce.
Univ. “creatures”; m = lions; x = fierce; y = creatures that drink coffee.
m1x′0 † my′1 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. II.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “Some fierce creatures do not drink coffee.”
13. No misers are generous;
Some old men are ungenerous.
Some old men are misers.
Univ. “persons”; m = generous; x = misers; y = old men.
xm0 † ym′1
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
14. No fossil can be crossed in love;
An oyster may be crossed in love.
Oysters are not fossils.
Univ. “things”; m = things that can be crossed in love; x = fossils; y = oysters.
xm0 † y1m′0 ¶ y1x0 [Fig. I (α).
Conclusion right.
pg15215. All uneducated people are shallow;
Students are all educated.
No students are shallow.
Univ. “people”; m = educated; x = shallow; y = students.
m′1x′0 † y1m′0 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. III.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “Some shallow people are not students.”
16. All young lambs jump;
No young animals are healthy, unless they jump.
All young lambs are healthy.
Univ. “young animals”; m = young animals that jump; x = lambs; y = healthy.
x1m′0 † m′y0
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
17. Ill-managed business is unprofitable;
Railways are never ill-managed.
All railways are profitable.
Univ. “business”; m = ill-managed; x = profitable; y = railways.
m1x0 † y1m0 ¶ x′y′1 [Fig. III.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “Some business, other than railways, is profitable.”
18. No Professors are ignorant;
All ignorant people are vain.
No Professors are vain.
Univ. “people”; m = ignorant; x = Professors; y = vain.
xm0 † m1y′0 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. III.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “Some vain persons are not Professors.”
19. A prudent man shuns hyænas.
No banker is imprudent.
No banker fails to shun hyænas.
Univ. “men”; m = prudent; x = shunning hyænas; y = bankers.
m1x′0 † ym′0 ¶ x′y0 [Fig. I.
Conclusion right.
20. All wasps are unfriendly;
No puppies are unfriendly.
No puppies are wasps.
Univ. “creatures”; m = friendly; x = wasps; y = puppies.
x1m0 † ym′0 ¶ x1y0 [Fig. I (α).
Conclusion incomplete: complete one is “Wasps are not puppies”.
21. No Jews are honest;
Some Gentiles are rich.
Some rich people are dishonest.
Univ. “persons”; m = Jews; x = honest; y = rich.
mx0 † m′y1
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
pg15322. No idlers win fame;
Some painters are not idle.
Some painters win fame.
Univ. “persons”; m = idlers; x = persons who win fame; y = painters.
mx0 † ym′1
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
23. No monkeys are soldiers;
All monkeys are mischievous.
Some mischievous creatures are not soldiers.
Univ. “creatures”; m = monkeys; x = soldiers; y = mischievous.
mx0 † m1y′0 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. III.
Conclusion right.
24. All these bonbons are chocolate-creams;
All these bonbons are delicious.
Chocolate-creams are delicious.
Univ. “food”; m = these bonbons; x = chocolate-creams; y = delicious.
m1x′0 † m1y′0 ¶ xy1 [Fig. III.
Conclusion wrong, being in excess of the right one, which is “Some chocolate-creams are delicious.”
25. No muffins are wholesome;
All buns are unwholesome.
Buns are not muffins.
Univ. “food”; m = wholesome; x = muffins; y = buns.
xm0 † y1m0
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
26. Some unauthorised reports are false;
All authorised reports are trustworthy.
Some false reports are not trustworthy.
Univ. “reports”; m = authorised; x = true; y = trustworthy.
m′x′1 † m1y′0
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
27. Some pillows are soft;
No pokers are soft.
Some pokers are not pillows.
Univ. “things”; m = soft; x = pillows; y = pokers.
xm1 † ym0 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. II.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “Some pillows are not pokers.”
28. Improbable stories are not easily believed;
None of his stories are probable.
None of his stories are easily believed.
Univ. “stories”; m = probable; x = easily believed; y = his.
m′1x0 † ym0 ¶ xy0 [Fig. I.
Conclusion right.
pg15429. No thieves are honest;
Some dishonest people are found out.
Some thieves are found out.
Univ. “people”; m = honest; x = thieves; y = found out.
xm0 † m′y1
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
30. No muffins are wholesome;
All puffy food is unwholesome.
All muffins are puffy.
Univ. is “food”; m = wholesome; x = muffins; y = puffy.
xm0 † y1m0
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
31. No birds, except peacocks, are proud of their tails;
Some birds, that are proud of their tails, cannot sing.
Some peacocks cannot sing.
Univ. “birds”; m = proud of their tails; x = peacocks; y = birds that cannot sing.
x′m0 † my′1 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. II.
Conclusion right.
32. Warmth relieves pain;
Nothing, that does not relieve pain, is useful in toothache.
Warmth is useful in toothache.
Univ. “applications”; m = relieving pain; x = warmth; y = useful in toothache.
x1m′0 † m′y0
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
33. No bankrupts are rich;
Some merchants are not bankrupts.
Some merchants are rich.
Univ. “persons”; m = bankrupts; x = rich; y = merchants.
mx0 † ym′1
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
34. Bores are dreaded;
No bore is ever begged to prolong his visit.
No one, who is dreaded, is ever begged to prolong his visit.
Univ. “persons”; m = bores; x = dreaded; y = begged to prolong their visits.
m1x′0 † my0 ¶ xy′1 [Fig. III.
Conclusion wrong: the right one is “Some dreaded persons are not begged to prolong their visits.”
35. All wise men walk on their feet;
All unwise men walk on their hands.
No man walks on both.
Univ. “men”; m = wise; x = walking on their feet; y = walking on their hands.
m1x′0 † m′1y′0 ¶ x′y′0 [Fig. I.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “No man walks on neither.”
pg15536. No wheelbarrows are comfortable;
No uncomfortable vehicles are popular.
No wheelbarrows are popular.
Univ. “vehicles”; m = comfortable; x = wheelbarrows; y = popular.
xm0 † m′x0 ¶ xy0 [Fig. I.
Conclusion right.
37. No frogs are poetical;
Some ducks are unpoetical.
Some ducks are not frogs.
Univ. “creatures”; m = poetical; x = frogs; y = ducks.
xm0 † ym′1
No Conclusion. [Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
38. No emperors are dentists;
All dentists are dreaded by children.
No emperors are dreaded by children.
Univ. “persons”; m = dentists; x = emperors; y = dreaded by children.
xm0 † m1y′0 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. III.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “Some persons, dreaded by children, are not emperors.”
39. Sugar is sweet;
Salt is not sweet.
Salt is not sugar.
Univ. “things”; m = sweet; x = sugar; y = salt.
x1m′0 † y1m0 ¶ (x1y0 † y1x0) [Fig. I (β).
Conclusion incomplete: omitted portion is “Sugar is not salt.”
40. Every eagle can fly;
Some pigs cannot fly.
Some pigs are not eagles.
Univ. “creatures”; m = creatures that can fly; x = eagles; y = pigs.
x1m′0 † ym′1 ¶ x′y1 [Fig. II.
Conclusion right.
SL8Solutions for § 8.
1. 1cd0 † 2a1d′0 † 3b1c′0; 1cd † 2ad′ † 3bc′ ¶ ab0 † a1 † b1
i.e. ¶ a1b0 † b1a0
2. 1d1b′0 † 2ac′0 † 3bc0; 1db′ † 3bc † 2ac′ ¶ da0 † d1 i.e. ¶ d1a0
3. 1ba0 † 2cd′0 † 3d1b′0; 1ba † 3db′ † 2cd′ ¶ ac0
4. 1bc0 † 2a1b′0 † 3c′d0; 1bc † 2ab′ † 3c′d ¶ ad0 † a1 i.e. ¶ a1d0
pg156 5. 1b′1a0 † 2bc0 † 3a′d0; 1b′a † 2bc † 3a′d ¶ cd0
6. 1a1b0 † 2b′c0 † 3d1a′0; 1ab † 2b′c † 3da′ ¶ cd0 † d1 i.e. ¶ d1c0
7. 1db′0 † 2b1a′0 † 3cd′0; 1db′ † 2ba′ † 3cd′ ¶ a′c0
8. 1b′d0 † 2a′b0 † 3c1d′0; 1b′d † 2a′b † 3cd′ ¶ a′c0 † c1 i.e. ¶ c1a′0
9. 1b′1a′0 † 2ad0 † 3b1c′0; 1b′a′ † 2ad † 3bc′ ¶ dc′0
10. 1cd0 † 2b1c′0 † 3ad′0; 1cd † 2bc′ † 3ad′ ¶ ba0 † b1 i.e. ¶ b1a0
11. 1bc0 † 2d1a′0 † 3c′1a0; 1bc † 3c′a † 2da′ ¶ bd0 † d1 i.e. ¶ d1b0
12. 1cb′0 † 2c′1d0 † 3b1a′0; 1cb′ † 2c′d † 3ba′ ¶ da′0
13. 1d1e′0 † 2c1a′0 † 3bd′0 † 4e1a0; 1de′ † 3bd′ † 4ea † 2ca′ ¶ bc0 † c1
i.e. ¶ c1b0
14. 1c1b′0 † 2a1e′0 † 3d1b0 † 4a′1c′0; 1cb′ † 3db † 4a′c′ † 2ae′ ¶ de′0 † d1
i.e. ¶ d1e′0
15. 1b′d0 † 2e1c′0 † 3b1a′0 † 4d′1c0; 1b′d † 3ba′ † 4d′c † 2ec′ ¶ a′e0 † e1
i.e. ¶ e1a′0
16. 1a′e0 † 2d1c0 † 3a1b′0 † 4e′1d′0; 1a′e † 3ab′ † 4e′d′ † 2dc ¶ b′c0
17. 1d1c′0 † 2a1e′0 † 3bd′0 † 4c1e0; 1dc′ † 3bd′ † 4ce † 2ae′ ¶ ba0 † a1
i.e. ¶ a1b0
18. 1a1b′0 † 2d1e′0 † 3a′1c0 † 4be0; 1ab′ † 3a′c † 4be † 2de′ ¶ cd0 † d1
i.e. ¶ d1c0
19. 1bc0 † 2e1h′0 † 3a1b′0 † 4dh0 † 5e′1c′0; 1bc † 3ab′ † 5e′c′ † 2eh′ † 4dh
¶ ad0 † a1 i.e. ¶ a1d0
20. 1dh′0 † 2ce0 † 3h1b′0 † 4ad′0 † 5be′0;
1dh′ † 3hb′ † 4ad′ † 5be′ † 2ce ¶ ac0
21. 1b1a′0 † 2dh0 † 3ce0 † 4ah′0 † 5c′1b′0;
1ba′ † 4ah′ † 2dh † 5c′b′ † 3ce ¶ de0
22. 1e1d0 † 2b′h′0 † 3c′1d′0 † 4a1e′0 † 5ch0;
1ed † 3c′d′ † 4ae′ † 5ch † 2b′h′ ¶ ab′0 † a1 i.e. ¶ a1b0
pg157 23. 1b′1a0 † 2de′0 † 3h1b0 † 4ce0 † 5d′1a′0;
1b′a † 3hb † 5d′a′ † 2de′ † 4ce ¶ hc0 † h1 i.e. ¶ h1c0
24. 1h′1k0 † 2b′a0 † 3c1d′0 † 4e1h0 † 5dk′0 † 6bc′0;
1h′k † 4eh † 5dk′ † 3cd′ † 6bc′ † 2b′a ¶ ea0 † e1 i.e. ¶ e1a0
25. 1a1d′0 † 1k1b′0 † 1e1h′0 † 1a′b0 † 5d1c′0 † 6h1k′0;
1ad′ † 4a′b † 2kb′ † 5dc′ † 6hk′ † 3eh′ ¶ c′e0 † e1 i.e. ¶ e1c′0
26. 1a′1h′0 † 2d′k′0 † 3e1b0 † 4hk0 † 5a1c′0 † 6b′d0;
1a′h′ † 4hk † 2d′k′ † 5ac′ † 6b′d † 3eb ¶ c′e0 † e1 i.e. ¶ e1c′0
27. 1e1d0 † 2hb0 † 3a′1k′0 † 4ce′0 † 5b′1d′0 † 6ac′0;
1ed † 4ce′ † 5b′d′ † 2hb † 6ac′ † 3a′k′ ¶ hk′0
28. 1a′k0 † 2e1b′0 † 3hk′0 † 4d′c0 † 5ab0 † 6c′1h′0;
1a′k † 3hk′ † 5ab † 2eb′ † 6c′h′ † 4d′c ¶ ed′0 † e1 i.e. ¶ e1d′0
29. 1ek0 † 2b′m0 † 3ac′0 † 4h′1e′0 † 5d1k′0 † 6cb0 † 7d′1l′0 † 8hm′0;
1ek † 4h′e′ † 5dk′ † 7d′l′ † 8hm′ † 2b′m † 6cb † 3ac′ ¶ l′a0
30. 1n1m′0 † 2a′1e′0 † 3c′l0 † 5k1r0 † 5ah′0 † 6dl′0 † 7cn′0 † 8e1b′0 † 9m1r′0 † 10h1d′0;
1nm′ † 7cn′ † 3c′l † 6dl′ † 9mr′ † 4kr † 10hd′ † 5ah′ † 2a′e′ † 8eb′
¶ kb′0 † k1 i.e. ¶ k1b′0
SL9Solutions for § 9.
1.
1b1d0 † 2ac0 † 3d′1c′0; 1bd † 3d′c′ † 2ac ¶ ba0 † b1, i.e. ¶ b1a0
i.e. Babies cannot manage crocodiles.
2.
1a1b′0 † 2d1c′0 † 3bc0; 1ab′ † 3bc † 2dc′ ¶ ad0 † d1, i.e. ¶ d1a0
i.e. Your presents to me are not made of tin.
pg158 3.
1da0 † 2c1b′0 † 3a′b0; 1da † 3a′b † 2cb′ ¶ dc0 † c1, i.e. ¶ c1d0
i.e. All my potatoes in this dish are old ones.
4.
1ba0 † 2b′d0 † 3c1a′0; 1ba † 2b′d † 3ca′ ¶ dc0 † c1, i.e. ¶ c1d0
i.e. My servants never say “shpoonj.”
5.
1ad0 † 2cd′0 † 3b1a′0; 1ad † 2cd′ † 3ba′ ¶ cb0 † b1, i.e. ¶ b1c0
i.e. My poultry are not officers.
6.
1c1a′0 † 2c′b0 † 3da0; 1ca′ † 2c′b † 3da ¶ bd0
i.e. None of your sons are fit to serve on a jury.
7.
1cb0 † 2da0 † 3b′1a′0; 1cb † 3b′a′ † 2da ¶ cd0
i.e. No pencils of mine are sugarplums.
8.
1cb′0 † 2d1a′0 † 3ba0; 1cb′ † 3ba † 2da′ ¶ cd0 † d1, i.e. ¶ d1c0
i.e. Jenkins is inexperienced.
9.
1cd0 † 2d′a0 † 3c′b0; 1cd † 2d′a † 3c′b ¶ ab0
i.e. No comet has a curly tail.
10.
1d′c0 † 2ba0 † 3a′1d0; 1d′c † 3a′d † 2ba ¶ cb0
i.e. No hedgehog takes in the Times.
11.
1b1a′0 † 2c1b′0 † 3ad0; 1ba′ † 2cb′ † 3ad ¶ cd0 † c1, i.e. ¶ c1d0
i.e. This dish is unwholesome.
12.
1b1c′0 † 2d′a0 † 3a′c0; 1bc′ † 3a′c † 2d′a ¶ bd′0 † b1, i.e. ¶ b1d′0
i.e. My gardener is very old.
13.
1a1d′0 † 2bc0 † 3c′1d0; 1ad′ † 3c′d † 2bc ¶ ab0 † a1, i.e. ¶ a1b0
i.e. All humming-birds are small.
pg15914.
1c′b0 † 2a1d′0 † 3ca′0; 1c′b † 3ca′ † 2ad′ ¶ bd′0
i.e. No one with a hooked nose ever fails to make money.
15.
1b1a′0 † 2b′1d0 † 3ca0; 1ba′ † 2b′d † 3ca ¶ dc0
i.e. No gray ducks in this village wear lace collars.
16.
1d1b′0 † 2cd′0 † 3ba0; 1db′ † 2cd′ † 3ba ¶ ca0
i.e. No jug in this cupboard will hold water.
17.
1b′1d0 † 2c1d′0 † 3ab0; 1b′d † 2cd′ † 3ab ¶ ca0 † c1, i.e. ¶ c1a0
i.e. These apples were grown in the sun.
18.
1d′1b′0 † 2c1b0 † 3c′a0; 1d′b′ † 2cb † 3c′a ¶ d′a0 † d′1, i.e. ¶ d′1a0
i.e. Puppies, that will not lie still, never care to do worsted-work.
19.
1bd′0 † 2a1c′0 † 3a′d0; 1bd′ † 3a′d † 2ac′ ¶ bc′0
i.e. No name in this list is unmelodious.
20.
1a1b′0 † 2dc0 † 3a′1d′0; 1ab′ † 3a′d′ † 2dc ¶ b′c0
i.e. No M.P. should ride in a donkey-race, unless he has perfect self-command.
21.
1bd0 † 2c′a0 † 3b′c0; 1bd † 3b′c † 2c′a ¶ da0
i.e. No goods in this shop, that are still on sale, may be carried away.
22.
1a′b0 † 2cd0 † 3d′a0; 1a′b † 3d′a † 2cd ¶ bc0
i.e. No acrobatic feat, which involves turning a quadruple somersault, is ever attempted in a circus.
23.
1dc′0 † 2a1b′0 † 3bc0; 1dc′ † 3bc † 2ab′ ¶ da0 † a1, i.e. ¶ a1d0
i.e. Guinea-pigs never really appreciate Beethoven.
pg16024.
1a1d′0 † 2b′1c0 † 3ba′0; 1ad′ † 3ba′ † 2b′c ¶ d′c0
i.e. No scentless flowers please me.
25.
1c1d′0 † 2ba′0 † 3d1a0; 1cd′ † 3da † 2ba′ ¶ cb0 † c1, i.e. ¶ c1b0
i.e. Showy talkers are not really well-informed.
26.
1ea0 † 2b1d′0 † 3a′1c0 † 4e′b′0; 1ea † 3a′c † 4e′b′ † 2bd′ ¶ cd′0
i.e. None but red-haired boys learn Greek in this school.
27.
1b1d0 † 2ac′0 † 3e1d′0 † 4c1b′0;
1bd † 3ed′ † 4cb′ † 2ac′ ¶ ea0 † e1, i.e. ¶ e1a0
i.e. Wedding-cake always disagrees with me.
28.
1ad0 † 2e′1b′0 † 3c1d′0 † 4e1a′0;
1ad † 3cd′ † 4ea′ † 2e′b′ ¶ cb′0 † c1, i.e. ¶ c1b′0
i.e. Discussions, that go on while Tomkins is in the chair, endanger the peacefulness of our Debating-Club.
29.
1d1a0 † 2e′c0 † 3b1a′0 † 4d′e0;
1da † 3ba′ † 4d′e † 2e′c ¶ bc0 † b1, i.e. ¶ b1c0
i.e. All gluttons in my family are unhealthy.
30.
1d1e0 † 2c′a0 † 3b1e′0 † 4c1d′0;
1de † 3be′ † 4cd′ † 2c′a ¶ ba0 † b1, i.e. ¶ b1a0
i.e. An egg of the Great Auk is not to be had for a song.
31.
1d′b0 † 2a1c′0 † 3c1e′0 † 4a′d0; 1d′b † 4a′d † 2ac′ † 3ce′ ¶ be′0
i.e. No books sold here have gilt edges unless they are priced at 5s. and upwards.
32.
1a′1c′0 † 2d1b0 † 3a1e′0 † 4c1b′0;
1a′c′ † 3ae′ † 4cb′ † 2db ¶ e′d0 † d1, i.e. ¶ d1e′0
i.e. When you cut your finger, you will find Tincture of Calendula useful.
33.
1d′b0 † 2a1e′0 † 3ec0 † 4d1a′0; 1d′b † 4da′ † 2ae′ † 3ec ¶ bc0
i.e. I have never come across a mermaid at sea.
pg16134.
1c′1b0 † 2a1e′0 † 3d1b′0 † 4a′1c0;
1c′b † 3db′ † 4a′c † 2ae′ ¶ de′0 † d1, i.e. ¶ d1e′0
i.e. All the romances in this library are well-written.
35.
1e′d0 † 2c′a0 † 3eb0 † 4d′c0; 1e′d † 3eb † 4d′c † 2c′a ¶ ba0
i.e. No bird in this aviary lives on mince-pies.
36.
1d′1c′0 † 2e1a′0 † 3c1b0 † 4e′d0; 1d′c′ † 3cb † 4e′d † 2ea′ ¶ ba′0
i.e. No plum-pudding, that has not been boiled in a cloth, can be distinguished from soup.
37.
1ce′0 † 2b′a′0 † 3h1d′0 † 4ae0 † 5bd0;
1ce′ † 4ae † 2b′a′ † 5bd † 3hd′ ¶ ch0 † h1, i.e. ¶ h1c0
i.e. All your poems are uninteresting.
38.
1b′1a′0 † 2db0 † 3he′0 † 4ec0 † 5a1h′0;
1b′a′ † 2db † 5ah′ † 3he′ † 4ec ¶ dc0
i.e. None of my peaches have been grown in a hothouse.
39.
1c1d0 † 2h1e′0 † 3c′1a′0 † 4h′b0 † 5e1d′0;
1cd † 3c′a′ † 5ed′ † 2he′ † 4h′b ¶ a′b0
i.e. No pawnbroker is dishonest.
40.
1bd′0 † 2c′h0 † 3e1b′0 † 4da0 † 5e′c0;
1bd′ † 3eb′ † 4da † 5e′c † 2c′h ¶ ah0
i.e. No kitten with green eyes will play with a gorilla.
41.
1c1a′0 † 2h′b0 † 3ae0 † 4d1c′0 † 5h1e′0;
1ca′ † 3ae † 4dc′ † 5he′ † 2h′b ¶ db0 † d1, i.e. ¶ d1b0
i.e. All my friends in this College dine at the lower table.
42.
1ca0 † 2h1d′0 † 3c′1e′0 † 4b′a′0 † 5d1e0;
1ca † 3c′e′ † 4b′a′ † 5de † 2hd′ ¶ b′h0 † h1, i.e. ¶ h1b′0
i.e. My writing-desk is full of live scorpions.
43.
1b′1e0 † 2ah0 † 3dc0 † 4e′1a′0 † 5bc′0
1b′e † 4e′a′ † 2ah † 5bc′ † 3dc ¶ hd0
i.e. No Mandarin ever reads Hogg’s poems.
pg16244.
1e1b′0 † 2a′d0 † 3c1h′0 † 4e′a0 † 5d′h0;
1eb′ † 4e′a † 2a′d † 5d′h † 3ch′ ¶ b′c0 † c1, i.e. ¶ c1b′0
i.e. Shakespeare was clever.
45.
1e′1c′0 † 2hb′0 † 3d1a0 † 4e1a′0 † 5c1b0;
1e′c′ † 4ea′ † 3da † 5cb † 2hb′ ¶ dh0 † d1, i.e. ¶ d1h0
i.e. Rainbows are not worth writing odes to.
46.
1c′1h′0 † 2e1a0 † 3bd0 † 4a′1h0 † 5d′c0;
1c′h′ † 4a′h † 2ea † 5d′c † 3bd ¶ eb0 † e1, i.e. ¶ e1b0
i.e. These Sorites-examples are difficult.
47.
1a′1e′0 † 2bk0 † 3c′a0 † 4eh′0 † 5d1b′0 † 6k′h0;
1a′e′ † 3c′a † 4eh′ † 6k′h † 2bk † 5db′ ¶ c′d0 † d1,
i.e. ¶ d1c′0
i.e. All my dreams come true.
48.
1a′h0 † 2c′k0 † 3a1d′0 † 4e1h′0 † 5b1k′0 † 6c1e′0;
1a′h † 3ad′ † 4eh′ † 6ce′ † 2c′k † 5bk′ ¶ d′b0 † b1,
i.e. ¶ b1d′0
i.e. All the English pictures here are painted in oils.
49.
1k′1e0 † 2c1h0 † 3b1a′0 † 4kd0 † 5h′a0 † 6b′1e′0;
1k′e † 4kd † 6b′e′ † 3ba′ † 5h′a † 2ch ¶ dc0 † c1,
i.e. ¶ c1d0
i.e. Donkeys are not easy to swallow.
50.
1ab′0 † 2h′d0 † 3e1c0 † 4b1d′0 † 5a′k0 † 6c′1h0;
1ab′ † 4bd′ † 2h′d † 6a′k † 5c′h † 3ec ¶ ke0 † e1,
i.e. ¶ e1k0
i.e. Opium-eaters never wear white kid gloves.
51.
1bc0 † 2k1a′0 † 3eh0 † 4d1b′0 † 5h′c′0 † 6k′1e′0;
1bc † 4db′ † 5h′c′ † 3eh † 6k′e′ † 2ka′ ¶ da′0 † d1,
i.e. ¶ d1a′0
i.e. A good husband always comes home for his tea.
52.
1a′1k′0 † 2ch0 † 3h′k0 † 4b1d′0 † 5ea0 † 6d1c′0
1a′k′ † 3h′k † 2ch † 6dc′ † 4bd′ † 5ea ¶ be0 † b1,
i.e. ¶ b1e0
i.e. Bathing-machines are never made of mother-of-pearl.
pg16353.
1da′0 † 2k1b′0 † 3c1h0 † 4d′1k′0 † 5e1c′0 † 6a1h′0;
1da′ † 4d′k′ † 2kb′ † 6ah′ † 5ch † 3ec′
¶ b′e0 † e1, i.e. ¶ e1b′0
i.e. Rainy days are always cloudy.
54.
1kb′0 † 1a′1c′0 † 3d′b0 † 4k′1h′0 † 5ea0 † 6d1c0;
1kb′ † 3d′b † 4k′h′ † 6dc † 2a′c′ † 5ea
¶ h′e0
i.e. No heavy fish is unkind to children.
55.
1k′1b′0 † 2eh′0 † 3c′d0 † 4hb0 † 5ac0 † 6kd′0;
1k′b′ † 4hb † 2eh′ † 6kd′ † 3c′d † 5ac ¶ ea0
i.e. No engine-driver lives on barley-sugar.
56.
1h1b′0 † 2c1d′0 † 3k′a0 † 4e1h′0 † 5b1a′0 † 6k1c′0;
1hb′ † 4eh′ † 5ba′ † 3k′a † 6kc′ † 2cd′
¶ ed′0 † e1, i.e. ¶ e1d′0
i.e. All the animals in the yard gnaw bones.
57.
1h′1d′0 † 2e1c′0 † 3k′a0 † 4cb0 † 5d1l′0 † 6e′h0 † 7kl0;
1h′d′ † 5dl′ † 7kl † 3k′a † 6e′h † 2ec′ † 4cb ¶ ab0
i.e. No badger can guess a conundrum.
58.
1b′h0 † 2d′1l′0 † 3ca0 † 4d1k′0 † 5h′1e′0 † 6mc′0 † 7a′b0 † 8ek0;
1b′h † 5h′e′ † 7a′b † 3ca † 6mc′ † 8ek † 4dk′ † 2d′l′ ¶ ml′0
i.e. No cheque of yours, received by me, is payable to order.
59.
1c1l′0 † 2h′e0 † 3kd0 † 4mc′0 † 5b′1e′0 † 6n1a′0 † 7l1d′0 † 8m′b0 † 9ah0;
1cl′ † 4mc′ † 7ld′ † 3kd † 8m′b † 5b′e′ † 2h′e † 9ah † 6na′
¶ kn0
i.e. I cannot read any of Brown’s letters.
60.
1e1c′0 † 2l1n′0 † 3d1a′0 † 4m′b0 † 5ck′0 † 6e′r0 † 7h1n0 † 8b′k0 † 9r′1d′0 † 10m1l′0;
1ec′ † 5ck′ † 6e′r † 8b′k † 4m′b † 9r′d′ † 3da′ † 10ml′ † 2ln′ † 7hn
¶ a′h0 † h1, i.e. ¶ h1a′0
i.e. I always avoid a kangaroo.